Chimeric lyssavirus nucleic acids and polypeptides

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides chimeric nucleic acids, preferably contained on an expression vector, that encode chimeric immunogenic polypeptides. The nucleic acids encode at least site III of a lyssavirus glycoprotein, which has been found to improve the immunogenicity of lyssavirus epitopes for protection from rabies. The chimeric nucleic acids and proteins can also contain antigenic determinants for epitopes other than those of lyssavirus. Thus, the invention provides chimeric nucleic acids and polypeptides that elicit a strong immune response to multiple antigens. Use of the methods of the present invention permits DNA vaccination without the need to supply multiple antigens on separate DNA molecules.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/608,538,filed Jun. 30, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,235,245 which is a continuationof application Ser. No. 09/549,519, filed Apr. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat.No. 6,673,601, and claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/129,501, filed Apr. 15, 1999, thedisclosures of which are all hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to chimeric lyssavirus nucleic acids, andchimeric polypeptides and proteins encoded by these nucleic acids. Moreparticularly, the invention relates to chimeric lyssavirus nucleic acidsand proteins that can be used in immunogenic compositions, such asvaccines. Thus, the invention also relates to carrier molecules forexpressing chimeric lyssavirus nucleic acids, methods of producingchimeric lyssavirus proteins and polypeptides, and methods of treatingindividuals to ameliorate, cure, or protect against lyssavirusinfection. The compositions of the invention can also be used to expresspeptides, polypeptides, or proteins from organisms other thanlyssaviruses. Thus, the invention provides methods of treatingindividuals to ameliorate, cure, or protect against many differentinfections, diseases, and disorders.

2. Background of the Related Art

Rabies is an encephalopathic disease caused by members of the Lyssavirusgenus within the Rhabdoviridae family. Rabies infects all warm-bloodedanimals and is almost invariably fatal in humans if not treated. On thebasis of nucleotide sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses, theLyssavirus genus has been divided into 7 genotypes (GT). GT1 includesthe classical rabies viruses and vaccine strains, whereas GT2 to GT7correspond to rabies-related viruses including Lagos bat virus (GT2);Mokola virus (GT3); Duvenhage virus (GT4); European bat lyssavirus 1(EBL-1: GT5); European bat lyssavirus 2 (EBL-2: GT6); and Australian batlyssavirus (GT7).

Based on antigenicity, the Lyssavirus genus was first divided into fourserotypes. More recently, this genus was divided into two principalgroups according to the cross-reactivity of virus neutralizing antibody(VNAb): Group 1 consists of GT1, GT4, GT5, GT6, and GT7, while Group 2consists of GT2 and GT3. Viruses of group 2 are not pathogenic wheninjected peripherally in mice. Virulence of lyssaviruses is dependent,at least in part, on the glycoprotein present in the viral coat.Interestingly, the glycoproteins of group 2 viruses show a high degreeof identity, in the region containing amino acids that play a key rolein pathogenicity, to the corresponding sequence of avirulent GT1 viruses(see, for example, Coulon et al., 1998, “An avirulent mutant of rabiesvirus is unable to infect motoneurons in vivo and in vitro”, J. Virol.72:273-278).

Rabies virus glycoprotein (G) is composed of a cytoplasmic domain, atransmembrane domain, and an ectodomain. The glycoprotein is a trimer,with the ectodomains exposed at the virus surface. The ectodomain isinvolved in the induction of both VNAb production and protection aftervaccination, both pre- and post-exposure to the virus. Therefore, muchattention has been focused on G in the development of rabies subunitvaccines. Structurally, G contains three regions, the amino-terminal(N-terminal) region, a “hinge” or “linker” region, and thecarboxy-terminal (C-terminal) region. (See FIG. 1.)

As depicted in FIG. 1, it is generally thought that the glycoprotein (G)ectodomain has two major antigenic sites, site II and site III, whichare recognized by about 72.5% (site II) and 24% (site III) ofneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAb), respectively. The site II islocated in the N-terminal half of the protein and the site III islocated in the C-terminal half of the protein. The two halves areseparated by a flexible hinge around the linear region (amino acid 253to 257).

The G ectodomain further contains one minor site (site a), and severalepitopes recognized by single MAbs (I: amino acid residue 231 is part ofthe epitope; V: residue 294 is part of the epitope, and VI: residue 264is part of the epitope) (Benmansour et al., 1991, “Antigenicity ofrabies virus glycoprotein”, J. Virol. 65:4198-4203; Dietzschold et al.,1990, “Structural and immunological characterization of a linearvirus-neutralizing epitope of the rabies virus glycoprotein and itspossible use in a synthetic vaccine”, J. Virol. 64:3804-3809; Lafay etal., 1996, “Immunodominant epitopes defined by a yeast-expressed libraryof random fragments of the rabies virus glycoprotein map outside majorantigenic sites”, J. Gen. Virol. 77:339-346; Lafon et al., 1983,“Antigenic sites on the CVS rabies virus glycoprotein: analysis withmonoclonal antibodies”, J. Gen. Virol. 64:843-845). Site II isconformational and discontinuous (amino acid residues 34 to 42 and aminoacid residues 198 to 200, which are associated by disulfide bridges),whereas site III is conformational and continuous (residues 330 to 338).Lysine 330 and arginine 333 in site III play a key role inneurovirulence and may be involved in the recognition of neuronalreceptors (see, for example, Coulon et al., supra, and Tuffereau et al.,1998, “Neuronal cell surface molecules mediate specific binding torabies virus glycoprotein expressed by a recombinant baculovirus on thesurfaces of lepidopteran cells”, J. Virol. 72:1085-1091). Sites II andIII seem to be close to one another in the three dimensional structureand exposed at the surface of the protein (Gaudin, Y., 1997, “Folding ofrabies virus glycoprotein: epitope acquisition and interaction withendoplasmic reticulum chaperones”, J. Virol. 71:3742-3750). However, atlow pH, the G molecule takes on a fusion-inactive conformation in whichsite II is not accessible to MAbs, whereas sites a and III remain moreor less exposed (Gaudin, Y. et al., 1995, “Biological function of thelow-pH, fusion-inactive on formation of rabies virus glycoprotein (G): Gis transported in a fusion-inactive state-like conformation”, J. Virol.69:5528-5533; Gaudin, Y., et al., 1991, “Reversible conformationalchanges and fusion activity of rabies virus glycoprotein”, J. Virol.65:4853-4859).

Moreover, several regions distributed along the ectodomain are involvedin the induction of T helper (Th) cells (MacFarlan, R. et al., 1984, “Tcell responses to cleaved rabies virus glycoprotein and to syntheticpeptides”, J. Immunol. 133:2748-2752; Wunner, W. et al, 1985,“Localization of immunogenic domains on the rabies virus glycoprotein”,Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 136 E:353-362). Based on these structural andimmunological properties, it has been suggested that the G molecule maycontain two immunologically active parts, each potentially able toinduce both VNAb and Th cells (Bahloul, C. et al, 1998, “DNA-basedimmunization for exploring the enlargement of immunologicalcross-reactivity against the lyssaviruses”, Vaccine 16:417-425).

Currently available vaccines predominantly consist of, or are derivedfrom, GT1 viruses, against which they give protection. Many vaccinestrains are not effective against GT4, and none are effective againstGT2 or GT3. However, the protection elicited against GT4 through 6depends on the vaccine strain. For example, protection from the Europeanbat lyssaviruses (GT5 and GT6), the isolation of which has become morefrequent in recent years, by rabies vaccine strain PM (Pitman-Moore) isnot robust. Strain PM induces a weaker protection against EBL1 (GT5)than the protection it provides against strain PV (Pasteur virus).

Because, in part, of the importance of rabies in world health, there isa continuing need to provide safe, effective, fast-acting vaccines andimmunogenic compositions to treat and prevent this disease. Manyapproaches other than use of whole-virus preparations have been proposedand/or pursued to provide an effective, cost-efficient immunogeniccomposition specific for rabies viruses. For example, as discussedabove, subunit vaccines have been developed. Also, vaccines that couldgenerate an immune response to multiple rabies serotypes as well asvarious other pathogens has been proposed as having some value (EuropeanCommission COST/STD-3, 1996, “Advantages of combined vaccines”, Vaccine14:693-700). In fact, use of a combined vaccine of diphtheria, tetanus,whole cell pertussis, inactivated poliomyelitis, and rabies has recentlybeen reported (Lang, J. et al., 1997, “Randomised Feasibility trial ofpre-exposure rabies vaccination with DTP-IPV in infants”, The Lancet349:1663-1665). Combined vaccines including rabies have also been usedfor immunization of dogs (distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, andparvo-canine viruses), cats (panleukopenia, calici- and parvo-felineviruses), and cattle (foot and mouth disease virus) (Pastoret, P-P. etal., 1997, “Vaccination against rabies”, In Veterinary Vaccinology,Pastoret, P-P. et al., Eds. (Elsevier): 616-628).

Moreover, vaccines produced in tissue culture are expensive to producedespite some attempts to reduce their cost. Consequently DNA vaccines,which are less expensive to produce and offer many advantages, wouldconstitute a valuable alternative. Reports of DNA vaccinations includemouse inoculation with plasmids containing the gene encoding the rabiesvirus glycoprotein (G). Such inoculation is very potent in inducinghumoral and cellular immune responses in association with protectionagainst an intracerebral challenge (see, for example, Lodmell, D. etal., 1998, “DNA immunization protects nonhuman primates against rabiesvirus”, Science Med. 4:949-952; Xiang, Z. et al., 1994, “Vaccinationwith a plasmid vector carrying the rabies virus glycoprotein geneinduces protective immunity against rabies virus”, Virol. 199:132-140;and Lodmell, D. et al., 1998, “Gene gun particle-mediated vaccinationwith plasmid DNA confers protective immunity against rabies virusinfection”, Vaccine 16, 115). DNA immunization can also protect nonhumanprimates against rabies (Lodmell et al, 1998, supra).

Because administration of plasmid DNA generates humoral and cellularimmune responses, including cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) production (forreview see Donnelly, J. et al., 1997, “DNA Vaccines”, Annu. Rev.Immunol. 15:617-648) and is based on a versatile technology,immunization with plasmid DNA may offer a satisfying prospect formultivalent vaccines. However, the use of a mixture of plasmids or asingle plasmid expressing several antigens is believed to induceinterference problems at both transcriptional and immunological levels(Thomson, S. et al., 1998, “Delivery of multiple CD8 cytotoxic cellepitopes by DNA vaccination”, J. Immunol. 160: 1717-1723). Therefore,there exists a need to develop and produce multivalent DNA-basedvaccines that are effective against rabies and various other diseases;that are safe; and that are cost-efficient to produce and use.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides chimeric nucleic acid sequences thatencode chimeric polypeptides that induce immunogenic responses inindividuals (animals and humans). The nucleic acids of the invention canbe expressed to provide chimeric polypeptides that elicit an immuneresponse against rabies and/or rabies-related viruses as well as otherpathogenic or otherwise undesirable organisms or polypeptides. Further,the nucleic acids of the invention themselves can elicit at least aportion of the immune response. Thus, the chimeric nucleic acids of theinvention can be used to make an immunogenic composition, which can beused to treat an individual.

The present invention also provides a carrier molecule, such as a DNAexpression vector, comprising the nucleic acid of the invention, whichencodes a chimeric polypeptide. The carrier molecule of the inventioncan be used as an immunogenic composition, or as part of an immunogeniccomposition, to elicit the desired immune response. The desired immuneresponse can be a protective response to rabies or rabies-relatedviruses as well as other organisms or polypeptides. Thus, the carriermolecules of the invention can be used to make an immunogeniccomposition, which can be used to treat an individual. The carriermolecule can also be used to produce a chimeric polypeptide.

The present invention thus provides a chimeric (fusion) protein that isencoded by the nucleic acid of the invention, or by a nucleic acidsequence present in the carrier molecule of the invention. The chimericprotein can be used to elicit an immunogenic response in an individual.The fusion protein comprises the site III antigenic determinant of alyssavirus glycoprotein, and can comprise other antigenic sites from oneor multiple other polypeptides. Thus, the chimeric polypeptide of theinvention can be used to make an immunogenic composition, which can beused to treat an individual.

The present invention further provides immunogenic compositions,including vaccines, that elicit an immunological response in individualsto whom they are administered. The present invention includesimmunogenic compositions comprising a polynucleotide sequence thatencodes a chimeric (or fusion) polypeptide, or the chimeric polypeptideso encoded, which elicits the immune response. The immunogeniccompositions and vaccines of the present invention provide an increasedlevel of immune stimulation and enhanced protection against rabiesviruses, and broaden the spectrum of protection against rabies-relatedviruses, as compared to immunogenic compositions known in the art. Theimmunogenic compositions also provide multiple immunogenic active sitesfor induction of an immune response against rabies epitopes as well asepitopes unrelated to rabies.

In view of the above embodiments of the invention, it is evident thatthe present invention also provides a method of producing a chimericnucleic acid, a method of producing a carrier molecule, a method ofproducing a fusion protein, and a method of making an immunogeniccomposition, such as a vaccine. The immunogenic composition so made canbe used to treat (e.g., immunize) individuals.

Included in the invention is the use of the nucleic acid, polypeptide,and/or carrier molecule of the invention to elicit an immune response,such as a protective immune response. Thus, the invention includes theuse of a vaccine comprising the polynucleotide, polypeptide, and/orcarrier molecule of the invention to treat an individual, eitherprophylactically or therapeutically. Therefore, the invention includesprophylactic treatment methods, therapeutic treatment methods, andcurative treatment methods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to thedrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts lyssavirus glycoproteins and chimeric constructs oflyssavirus glycoproteins. SP—Signal peptide; TM—Transmembrane domain;S₁—NL amino acid residues; S₂—NS amino acid residues; S₃—LFAV amino acidresidues.

(A) A schematic representation of lyssavirus PV glycoprotein (G) ispresented at the top, indicating regions encompassing site II, site III,and epitopes I, V, and VI, as well as the transmembrane domain (TM).Chimeric polypeptides are schematically depicted on the other lines,with deletion and/or fusion points indicated by residue numbers. Numbersare the positions of amino acid residues on the mature protein (signalpeptide cleaved).

(B) Amino acid sequences of the chimeric polypeptides at the fusionsites, PV-PV (SEQ ID NO: 18); -PVIII (SEQ ID NO: 19); ELB1-PV (SEQ IDNO: 20); MoK-PV (SEQ ID NO: 21); PV-MoK (SEQ ID NO: 22); MoK-Sad (SEQ IDNO: 23). The linear region carrying epitope VI (amino acid 264) isindicated by underlining at residues 251-275. Black and gray boxesoutline the EBL-1 and Mok sequences, respectively. Dashes representamino acids similar to those of the PV sequence, and dots representgaps.

(C) Schematic representation of the inserted sequences encoding the C3poliovirus epitope involved in virus neutralizing antibody induction(B), and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein CD8H-2^(d) (CTL) cell epitope involved in the induction of both cytotoxic TLymphocytes (CTL) and protection against LCMV challenge in the truncated(GPVIII) and chimeric lyssavirus G protein (GEBL1-PV).

(D) Putative PEST sequence analysis around the junction of the end ofEBL1 part and the beginning of B cell epitope is also reported.

(E) Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of G proteins ofselected lyssaviruses, PV (SEQ ID NO: 24); USA7-BT (SEQ ID NO: 25); P1(SEQ ID NO: 26); EBLIPOL (SEQ ID NO: 27); EBLIFRA (SEQ ID NO: 28);EBL2FIN (SEQ ID NO: 29); EBL2HOL (SEQ ID NO: 30); Duv1SAF (SEQ ID NO:31); Duv2SAF (SEQ ID NO: 32); Lag1NGA (SEQ ID NO: 33); Lag2CAR (SEQ IDNO: 34); Mok3ETP (SEQ ID NO: 35); Mok2ZIM (SEQ ID NO: 36). The consensussequence is presented as the bottom sequence. Light grey boxes indicatethe main antigenic sites. Dark grey boxes indicate the hydrophobicsignal peptide (SP) and the transmembrane domain (TM). UnderlinedNX(S/T) motifs are potential N-glycosylation sites.

FIG. 2 shows indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of lyssavirus Gproduction in Neuro-2a cells 48 h after transient transfection withvarious plasmids: pGPV-PV (A, B and C), pG-PVIII (D, E and F), pGEBL1-PV(G, H, and I), pGMok-PV (J, K, and L), and pGPV-Mok (M, N, and O).Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were permeabilized andstained with antibodies: anti-PV G PAb (A, D, G, J, and M), PV D1anti-native PV G site III MAb (B, E, H, and K), 6B1 anti-denatured Gsite III MAb (C and F), anti-EBL-1 G PAb (I), anti-Mok G PAb (L and N)and serum from an unimmunized mouse (O).

FIG. 3 shows the results of a kinetic study of antigen synthesis inNeuro-2a cells transiently transfected with pGPV-PV (A), pGEBL1-PV (B),or pG-PVIII (C). Cells were permeabilized at various times and stainedwith PV PAb (white bar) or anti-denatured G site III 6B1 MAb (blackbar).

FIG. 4 shows the results of induction of IL-2-producing cells byplasmids encoding various lyssavirus G. BALB/c mice (two animals foreach plasmids) were injected i.m. (50 μl in each anterior tibialismuscle) with 40 μg plasmid (pGPV-PV, pG-PVIII, pGEBL1-PV, pGMok-PV andpGPV-Mok). Spleens were removed 21 days later and splenocytes werespecifically stimulated in vitro by inactivated and purified viruses(PV, EBL1 or Mok), G PV, or polyclonally stimulated by concanavalin A(ConA). The amount of IL-2 released was then assayed in triplicates bybioassay and titers expressed as U/ml.

FIG. 5 shows induction of VNAb against European lyssavirus genotypes byplasmid. BALB/c mice were injected with 40 μg plasmid in the tibialismuscle.

(A) Injection with pGPV-PV. Mice received a boost on day 30. Sera (poolof 3 samples) were assayed on days 27 and 40 for VNAb against viruses ofgenotypes 1 (CVS and PV), 5 (EBL1b), and 6 (EBL2b).

(B) Injection with pGEBL1-PV. Four mice received only one injection ofplasmid and blood samples were collected at various intervals bytrans-orbital puncture. Sera were assayed by RFFIT using PV and EBL1bviruses for VNAb determination.

FIG. 6 shows comparative protection induced by pGPV-PV, pGEBL1-PVplasmids, and rabies PM and PV vaccines against CVS, EBL-1b, and EBL-2b.BALB/c mice (9 animals per series) were injected i.p. on days 0 and 7with 0.5 ml of PM vaccine diluted 1/10th (solid circles) or with 2 μg ofinactivated and purified PV virus (solid squares). For DNA-basedimmunizations, BALB/c mice (5 animals for each plasmid) were injected inthe tibialis muscle with PBS (open circles) or with 40 μg of variousplasmids pGPV-PV (diamond), EBL1-PV (solid triangle), pCIneo backbone(cross). Swiss mice (6 animals) were injected with pGPV-PV (opensquare).

(a) Inactivated virus was injected. BALB/c and Swiss mice werechallenged i.c. on day 21 with about 30 LD₅₀ of CVS.

(b) Inactivated virus was injected. BALB/c and Swiss mice werechallenged i.c. on day 21 with about 30 LD₅₀ of EBL-1b.

(c) Inactivated virus was injected. BALB/c and Swiss mice werechallenged i.c. on day 21 with about 30 LD₅₀ of EBL-2b.

(d) DNA was injected. BALB/c and Swiss mice were challenged i.c. on day21 with about 30 LD₅₀ of CVS.

(e) DNA was injected. BALB/c and Swiss mice were challenged i.c. on day21 with about 30 LD₅₀ of EBL-1b.

(f) DNA was injected. BALB/c and Swiss mice were challenged i.c. on day21 with about 30 LD₅₀ of EBL-2b.

FIG. 7 shows indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of antigensexpressed in Neuro-2a cells transfected with plasmids.

(A) Cells were transfected with plasmid pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV and stainedwith the rabies D1 MAb.

(B) Cells were transfected with plasmid pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV and stainedwith the poliovirus C3 MAb.

(C) Cells were transfected with plasmid pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV and stainedwith the anti-poliovirus type 1 PAb.

(D) Cells were transfected with plasmid pCIneo and stained witheither 1) the rabies D1 MAb, 2) the poliovirus C3 MAb, or 3) theanti-poliovirus type 1 PAb.

FIG. 8 shows induction of IL-2-producing cells by pGPVIII (A) orpGEBL1-PV (B) carrying poliovirus and LCMV epitopes. BALB/c mice (twoanimals for each plasmids) were injected i.m. (50 μg in each anteriortibialis muscle) with plasmids. Spleens were removed 14 days later andsplenocytes were stimulated in vitro by cell culture medium (solid bar)specifically by inactivated and purified lyssaviruses (IPLV PV: hashedbar; IPLV EBL: brick) or polyclonally stimulated by ConA (open bar). Theamount of IL-2 released was then assayed in triplicates by bioassay andtiters expressed as U/ml.

(A) Plasmids injected were pCIneo-empty plasmid-, pGPVIII, andp(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII.

(B) Plasmids injected were pCIneo, pGEBL1-PV, pGEBL1-(B)-PV,pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV, pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV, pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV.

FIG. 9 shows a kinetic study in BALB/c mice of antibody productioninduced by p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII or pGPVIII against poliovirus peptide andrabies virus. Three mice were injected with 40 μg of p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII(square and circle), or pGPVIII (triangle), or empty pCIneo (diamond).After puncture by retro-orbital route at various times, sera wereassayed by ELISA for the determination of antibody against polioviruspeptide (square and diamond) or rabies virus (circle, triangle anddiamond).

FIG. 10 shows the influence of a priming on the poliovirus anti-peptideantibody production induced by p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII. Five groups of threemice received on day 0 PBS (2 groups), p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII (2 groups), orpPVIII. One group (injected with p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII) was not boosted,whereas the group injected with pPVIII was boosted with p(B-CTL)2-GPVIIIon day 26. One group (injected with p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII) was boosted withp(B-CTL)2-GPVIII on day 14. All animals were controlled for anti-peptideantibody production on day 39 by ELISA.

FIG. 11 shows the production of rabies virus neutralizing antibodiesagainst the challenge virus standard (EVS) after injection of the fullhomogeneous plasmid pGPV in beagle dogs.

Group A: Injection of 100 μg of plasmid in one site on days, 0, 21, 42,and 175.

Group B: Injection of 33 μg of plasmid in three sites on days 0, 21, 42,and 175.

Group C: Injection of 100 μg of plasmid in one site on days 0 and 175.

Group D: Injection of phosphate buffered saline (control).

FIG. 12 shows individual neutralizing antibody response against a wildrabies virus (fox from France, fox wild rabies virus FWR) afterinjection of the full homogeneous plasmid pGPV in beagle dogs. It showsalso the protection induced against an intramuscular challenge performedon day 175 with a wild rabies virus isolated from rabid dogs.

Dogs nos. 1 to 3 = group A Dogs nos. 4 to 6 = group B Dogs nos. 7 to 9 =group C Dogs nos. 10 to 12 = group D

FIG. 13 shows the results of indirect immunofluorescence of N₂A cellstransfected with plasmid DBL-3/PVIII (Fugene, Roche MolecularBiochemicals) and fixed with acetone (80%) for 10 minutes on ice.

(A) Results of mouse anti-DBL-3 GTST fusion protein (1/1000 dilution)are shown in the top panel. Background reactivity seen with the secondantibody (anti-mouse) conjugated to FITC is shown in the bottom panel.

(B) Results of rabbit anti-PVIII (1/400 dilution) are shown in the toppanel. Background reactivity seen with the second antibody (anti-rabbit)conjugated to FITC is shown in the bottom panel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The inventors have created chimeric nucleic acid sequences that encodechimeric polypeptides that induce immunogenic responses in individuals.As discussed above, it is known in the art that nucleic acids can elicitboth humoral and cellular immune responses. In doing so, it is possiblefor the nucleic acids not only to indirectly induce an immune responsevia an encoded peptide, polypeptide, or protein, but for the nucleicacids to directly induce an immune response. Thus, the nucleic acids ofthe invention can themselves induce at least part of the immunogenicresponse. Accordingly, according to the invention, the chimeric nucleicacids and carrier molecules can directly or indirectly provide orpromote an immunogenic response when used according to the invention.

As used herein, “chimeric” and “fusion” are used interchangeably and inreference to both nucleic acids and polypeptides. These terms refer tonucleic acids and polypeptides that comprise sequences that are notfound naturally associated with each other in the order or context inwhich they are placed according to the invention. For example, achimeric glycoprotein can comprise a C-terminal region from a rabies GT1and an N-terminal region from a rabies GT3 or GT5. Further, a chimericnucleic acid can comprise a short segment from one portion of a rabiesgenotype linked directly to another segment from the same genotype,where the two segments are not naturally adjacent each other. Thus, achimeric or fusion nucleic acid or polypeptide does not comprise thenatural sequence of a rabies virus in its entirety, and may compriseheterologous (from another strain of lyssavirus, or from anotherorganism altogether) sequences. Fusion/chimeric proteins have the two(or more) segments joined together through normal peptide bonds, whilefusion/chimeric nucleic acids have the two (or more) segments joinedtogether through normal phosphodiester bonds.

In one aspect of the invention, the chimeric nucleic acids comprise a) asequence encoding site III of a glycoprotein, b) a sequence encoding thetransmembrane domain (or a portion thereof that is functionallyequivalent to the transmembrane domain) of a glycoprotein, and c) asequence that encodes the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein of alyssavirus. In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention,the chimeric nucleic acids further comprise a sequence encoding site IIof a lyssavirus glycoprotein. In embodiments, the sequence encoding thetransmembrane domain (or portion thereof) is a sequence from atransmembrane glycoprotein of a lyssavirus. In other embodiments, thesequence is from a transmembrane glycoprotein other than a glycoproteinfrom a lyssavirus. For example, it can be from a glycoprotein fromanother organism, or from a transmembrane protein that is not aglycoprotein. In embodiments, the sequence encoding the transmembranedomain (or portion thereof) and the sequence encoding the cytoplasmicdomain are from the same lyssavirus. In embodiments of this aspect ofthe invention, the sequence encoding site III and the cytoplasmic domainare from the same protein, preferably a lyssavirus protein, such as alyssavirus glycoprotein.

In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the chimericnucleic acid includes sequences that encode a site III sequence of alyssavirus glycoprotein, a site II sequence of a lyssavirusglycoprotein, a transmembrane domain of a transmembrane protein, and acytoplasmic domain of a lyssavirus glycoprotein. The transmembranedomain can be from a lyssavirus or another organism. It is preferredthat the chimeric nucleic acid of the invention comprise sequencesencoding an antigenic protein (or antigenic portion thereof), especiallybetween the sequences encoding sites II and III.

In preferred embodiments, this aspect of the invention provides apolynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence, wherein thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a sequence encoding site III of alyssavirus glycoprotein, and wherein the polynucleotide sequence doesnot comprise a sequence encoding an entire lyssavirus glycoprotein.

The sequences encoding site II and site III are sequences encompassingsite II and site III of a glycoprotein of a lyssavirus, respectively. Inembodiments, the sequence encoding site III is not identical to any ofthe known site III sequences of lyssaviruses, but shows at least 60%identity with one of the lyssavirus sequences, extending 30 bp on eachside of the site III sequence. Sequence analysis and phylogeneticstudies are performed using various packages: GCG (version 8.1, 1994),CLUSTAL W (Thompson, 1994 #1040), PHYLIP (Version 3.5: Felseustein,1993, #1042), and GDE (Genetic Data Environment, Version 2.2: InstitutPasteur Scientific Computer Service—S.I.S.).

In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the site IIIsequence is from rabies virus strain PV, or shows at least 60% identityto that site III sequence. Highly satisfactory results are obtained withthe following constructs, displayed in FIG. 1: PV-PV or PV III orEBL1-PV or MOK-PV. In highly preferred embodiments, the site IIIsequence is a PV III sequence.

The inventors have found that the presence of site III of the lyssavirusglycoproteins improves the immunogenicity of compositions comprising theglycoprotein, or portions thereof. Thus, the present invention includeschimeric nucleic acids that comprise a sequence encoding site III of alyssavirus glycoprotein that is functionally, operatively, andphysically linked to a homologous or heterologous sequence encoding atransmembrane domain from natural or synthetic sequence encoding atransmembrane protein (or a portion thereof that is functionallyequivalent to the transmembrane domain), and a sequence encoding acytoplasmic domain (or a portion thereof that is sufficient to stablyexist cytoplasmically) from a glycoprotein. Preferably, the glycoproteinis that of a virus and particularly that of a lyssavirus. The chimericnucleic acid sequences can all be from the same lyssavirus, can beselected from various lyssaviruses, or can be from both lyssaviruses andother viruses and organisms. In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acidsequences encoding the site III and the cytoplasmic domain are from thesame lyssavirus.

In addition, the chimeric nucleic acid of the invention can comprise asequence that encodes an antigenic polypeptide, or an antigenic portionthereof, from another virus or organism (a heterologous sequence). Forexample, the chimeric nucleic acid can comprise, in addition to theelements set forth above, a sequence that encodes an epitope fromleishmania, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, foot and mouth diseasevirus, herpes viruses, canine distemper viruses, parvovirus, and felineimmunodeficiency virus. Alternatively, or in addition, the chimericnucleic acid can comprise a sequence that encodes a tumor antigen. Thesequence encoding the heterologous polypeptide (or antigenic portionthereof) is fused (in frame) with the coding sequence detailed above, atany site that results in a functional product. In this way, the chimericnucleic acid of the invention provides the coding sequence for multipleantigenic determinants, including, but not limited to, rabies virusepitopes.

The chimeric nucleic acids of the invention can be used to make animmunogenic composition. The immunogenic composition can consistessentially of the chimeric nucleic acid or can comprise the chimericnucleic acid in addition to other components, including, but not limitedto, adjuvants, excipients, stabilizers, supra molecular vectors such asthose described in European Patent No. 696,191 (Samain et al.), andantigens. The components typically included in immunogenic compositionsare well known to the skilled artisan in the field, as are thetechniques for preparation of immunogenic compositions, such asvaccines. Therefore, preparation of the immunogenic composition can beachieved by the skilled artisan using well known techniques withoutundue or excessive experimentation. In embodiments, the immunogeniccompositions of this aspect of the invention induce humoral immunity,cellular immunity, or both.

In another aspect of the invention, the chimeric nucleic acid of theinvention is present as part of a carrier molecule. The core of thecarrier molecule can be any molecule that is known to be useful tomaintain, and preferably express, a heterologous peptide orpolypeptide-encoding nucleic acid. The core of the carrier molecule canbe, for example, a plasmid, a phage, a phagemid, a cosmid, a virus, ayeast artificial chromosome (YAC), or the like. Such core carriermolecules are also commonly referred to as vectors or expressionvectors, and are well-known to the skilled artisan and are widelyavailable to the public. The carrier molecule of the invention can beprovided as a naked nucleic acid, or packaged, such as in a viral shellor coat. The carrier molecule can be provided as DNA or RNA. Modifiedforms of these two nucleic acids are included within the scope of theinvention. Preferably, the carrier molecule comprises sequences thatpermit transcription of the chimeric nucleic acids of the invention.These sequences are operably linked to the chimeric nucleic acids of theinvention (i.e. their operation/function directly affects expression ofthe chimeric nucleic acid). In embodiments, these sequences includeregulatory elements that allow controlled expression of the chimericnucleic acids so that expression of the chimeric nucleic acids can beregulated, by, for example, delaying expression until desired orexpressing the chimeric nucleic acids in certain tissues or cell typesonly. Such control elements are known to the artisan in the field andcan routinely be inserted or removed from the carrier molecules asdesired or necessary using well-known molecular biology techniques andreagents.

In embodiments, the carrier molecule contains a polynucleotide sequencethat comprises a sequence encoding a part of a glycoprotein containingat least the site III of a lyssavirus glycoprotein. In embodiments, thecarrier molecule contains a polynucleotide sequence that comprises a) asequence encoding a part of a glycoprotein containing at least the siteIII of a lyssavirus glycoprotein, and b) a sequence encoding atransmembrane domain of a transmembrane protein. In embodiments, thecarrier molecule contains a polynucleotide sequence that comprises asequence encoding at least the C-terminal half of a lyssavirusglycoprotein. In embodiments, the carrier molecule contains apolynucleotide sequence that comprises a) a sequence encoding at leastthe C-terminal half of a lyssavirus glycoprotein, and b) a sequenceencoding a transmembrane domain of a transmembrane protein. Inembodiments, the carrier molecule contains a polynucleotide sequencethat comprises a) a sequence encoding at least the C-terminal half of alyssavirus glycoprotein, b) a sequence encoding a transmembrane domainof a transmembrane protein, and c) a sequence encoding cytoplasmicdomain of the lyssavirus glycoprotein.

In an embodiment of the invention, a carrier molecule according to theinvention comprises nucleic acids encoding a) the site III of theglycoprotein of a lyssavirus, b) a transmembrane domain of aglycoprotein (or a portion thereof that is functionally equivalent tothe transmembrane domain), and c) a sequence that encodes thecytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein of a lyssavirus. In preferredembodiments of this aspect of the invention, the carrier moleculefurther comprises a sequence encoding site II of a lyssavirusglycoprotein. In embodiments, the sequence encoding the transmembranedomain (or portion thereof) is a sequence from the glycoprotein of alyssavirus. In other embodiments, the sequence is from a transmembraneglycoprotein other than a glycoprotein from a lyssavirus. Inembodiments, the sequence encoding the transmembrane domain (or portionthereof) and the sequence encoding the cytoplasmic domain are from thesame lyssavirus. In embodiments, the sequence encoding the site III andthe cytoplasmic domain are from the same lyssavirus.

In a preferred embodiment, the carrier molecule further comprises atleast one antigenic sequence other than site III or site II of alyssavirus. The additional antigenic sequence(s) can be from anyorganism and includes, but is not limited to, antigenic sequences fromparasites (for example leishmania), bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells.The carrier molecule of the present invention, by providing the regionof lyssavirus glycoprotein required for enhanced immunogenicity (siteIII), allows the production of a high level immune response to not onlythe lyssavirus antigens (sites III and II), but to the heterologousantigen(s) fused to the lyssavirus sequences. The carrier molecule canthus be used to elicit an immune response to multiple antigens fromdifferent organisms.

The carrier molecule of the invention preferably comprises a chimericsequence that encodes a chimeric polypeptide that comprises at least oneantigenic determinant, which is site III of a lyssavirus. Morepreferably, the carrier molecule comprises a chimeric sequence thatencodes a chimeric polypeptide that comprises the site III of alyssavirus and at least one other antigenic determinant selected fromthe group consisting of an antigen from the same lyssavirus from whichthe site III was derived and a heterologous antigen. The other antigenicdeterminants include, but are not limited to, those of pathogenicparasites (e.g., Plasmodium), viruses, bacteria, and those of tumorcells.

A preferred carrier molecule according to the invention is pEBL1-PV,which was deposited at the Collection Nationale de Cultures deMicroorganismes (CNCM), located at Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue du DocteurRoux, F-75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France, on Dec. 22, 1998, in accordancewith the Budapest Treaty, and which was accorded Accession NumberI-2114. Another preferred carrier molecule according to the invention ispVIII, which was deposited at the CNCM on Dec. 22, 1998, in accordancewith the Budapest Treaty, and which was accorded Accession NumberI-2115.

The carrier molecules of the invention can be used to make animmunogenic composition. The immunogenic composition can consistessentially of the carrier molecule or can comprise the carrier moleculein addition to other components, including, but not limited to,adjuvants, excipients, stabilizers, supra molecular vectors (EP 696,191,Samain et al.), and antigens. The components typically included inimmunogenic compositions are well known to those skilled in the field,as are the techniques for preparation of inimunogenic compositions,including vaccines. Preparation of the immunogenic composition is aroutine matter that can be achieved by the skilled artisan usingwell-known techniques without undue or excessive experimentation andthus need not be described in detail herein. In embodiments, theimmunogenic compositions of this aspect of the invention induce humoralimmunity, cellular immunity, or both.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a chimeric polypeptideor protein that is encoded and/or expressed by the chimeric nucleic acidand/or carrier molecule of the present invention. In embodiments, thechimeric polypeptide comprises a) site III of a lyssavirus glycoprotein,b) a transmembrane domain of a glycoprotein (or a functional portionthereof), and c) a cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein of alyssavirus. In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention,the chimeric polypeptides further comprise site II of a lyssavirusglycoprotein. In embodiments, the transmembrane domain (or portionthereof) is from the glycoprotein of a lyssavirus. In other embodiments,the transmembrane domain (or portion thereof) is from a transmembraneglycoprotein other than a glycoprotein from a lyssavirus. In otherembodiments, the transmembrane domain (or portion thereof) and thecytoplasmic domain are from the same lyssavirus. In embodiments, thesite III and the cytoplasmic domain are from the same lyssavirus.

Site II and site III can be obtained from any lyssavirus, and both can,but do not necessarily, come from the same lyssavirus. Further, thesequence of site II and/or site III does not have to be identical to asite II or site III of a glycoprotein of a lyssavirus. In embodiments,the sequence of one or both is not identical to any of the known site IIor site III sequences of lyssaviruses, but shows at least 60% identitywith one of the lyssavirus sequences, extending 10 residues on each sideof the site II or site III sequence.

In preferred embodiments, the chimeric polypeptide of the inventionfurther comprises at least one antigenic determinant other thanlyssavirus glycoprotein site III or site II. The other antigenicdeterminant can be an antigenic protein, or antigenic portion thereof,from another rabies virus or rabies related virus, from another virus,from a parasite, a bacterium, or any other organism or cell thatexpresses an undesirable antigenic determinant. In embodiments, theother antigenic determinant is from a tumor cell. In embodiments, theother antigenic determinant is from a parasite that causes malaria, suchas Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax.

Thus, the invention provides a chimeric polypeptide comprising, as theonly antigenic determinant, site III of a lyssavirus. Becauseantigenicity is dependent, at least to some extent, on the individual towhom the immunogenic composition is administered, a chimeric polypeptidehaving only one antigenic determinant in one organism may have more thanone antigenic determinant in another. However, according to theinvention, if a chimeric polypeptide has only one antigenic determinantin at least one individual, regardless of the number it has in otherindividuals, it is a chimeric polypeptide according to this embodimentof the invention.

The invention also provides a chimeric polypeptide with multipleantigens including, but not limited to, rabies antigens. The chimericpolypeptide can be used as, or as part of, an immunogenic composition,such as a vaccine. Thus, the polypeptide of the invention is animmunogenic polypeptide that contains at least one region (which can beisolated as a fragment) that induces an immunogenic response. Inembodiments where a site II, a site III, and another antigenicdeterminant are present, it is preferably, but not necessary, for theother antigenic determinant to be located between site II and site IIIin the linear (primary) amino acid sequence of the polypeptide. Apreferred antigen other than site II or site III is a tumor antigen froma tumor cell. In embodiments, the polypeptides or proteins of theinvention induce humoral immunity, cellular immunity, or both.

Preferably, the chimeric nucleic acids, carrier molecules, and chimericpolypeptides (the “molecules”) of the invention are isolated and/orpurified. The terms “isolated” and “purified” refer to a level of puritythat is achievable using current technology. The molecules of theinvention do not need to be absolutely pure (i.e., contain absolutely nomolecules of other cellular macromolecules), but should be sufficientlypure so that one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that theyare no longer present in the environment in which they were originallyfound (i.e., the cellular milieu). Thus, a purified or isolated moleculeaccording to the invention is one that has been removed from at leastone other macromolecule present in the natural environment in which itwas found. More preferably, the molecules of the invention areessentially purified and/or isolated, which means that the compositionin which they are present is almost completely, or even absolutely, freeof other macromolecules found in the environment in which the moleculesof the invention are originally found. Isolation and purification thusdoes not occur by addition or removal of salts, solvents, or elements ofthe periodic table, but must include the removal of at least onemacromolecule.

As can be seen from the above disclosure, the invention provides animmunogenic composition. The immunogenic composition can comprise thechimeric nucleic acid, chimeric protein, and/or carrier molecule of theinvention. For example, the chimeric polypeptides of the invention canbe used to make an immunogenic composition. The immunogenic compositioncan consist essentially of the chimeric polypeptide or can comprise thechimeric polypeptide in addition to other components, including, but notlimited to, adjuvants, excipients, stabilizers, supra molecular vectors(EP 696,191, Samain et al.) and antigens. The components typicallyincluded in immunogenic compositions are well known to those skilled inthe field, as are the techniques for preparation of immunogeniccompositions, such as vaccines. Therefore, preparation of theimmunogenic composition can be achieved by the skilled artisan usingwell known techniques without undue or excessive experimentation.

The immunogenic composition according to the invention is a compositionthat elicits an immune response at least to a lyssavirus. Because thechimeric nucleic acids (and thus carrier molecules and polypeptides) ofthe invention can comprise antigenic determinants from the variouslyssavirus genotypes in various combinations, the immunogeniccomposition of the invention can provide, or elicit, a broad spectrum ofprotection against lyssaviruses that induce encephalomyelitis, includingrabies viruses. Furthermore, because sequences encoding multiplelyssavirus epitopes can be included in one chimeric nucleic acid, theimmunogenic composition of the invention can provide an immune responseto multiple (including all) genotypes of lyssavirus. Preferably, theimmunogenic composition of the invention elicits both a cellular and ahumoral immune response.

In addition, the immunogenic composition of the invention can provideepitopes from not only lyssaviruses, but from any other organism as well(including antigens produced by human cells, such as undesirableantigens found on the surface of cancerous cells). This permits theconstruction of immunogenic compositions, including, but not limited tovaccines, having broad applicability in that a single composition can beused to elicit an immune response to multiple pathogens. For example, animmunogenic composition can be made that provides a protectiveimmunological response to a broad range of lyssaviruses while at thesame time providing a protective response to other viruses such as polioand influenza. Such a multivalent immunogenic composition is provided bythe chimeric nature of the nucleic acids and polypeptides of theinvention, as well as the presence of site III of a lyssavirus, whichconfers a strong immunogenic response to the epitopes of the antigenicpolypeptide.

The immunogenic composition of the invention elicits an immunogenicresponse in individuals to whom it is administered. The immunogenicresponse can elicit a protective immune response, but such a response isnot necessary. According to the invention, immunogenic compositions thatelicit a protective response are referred to as vaccines. Theimmunogenic responses can be enhanced or otherwise modified by theinclusion of components, in addition to the chimeric nucleic acids,chimeric proteins, and carrier molecules of the invention.Alternatively, the immunogenic compositions can consist essentially ofthe chimeric nucleic acids, chimeric proteins, and carrier molecules ofthe invention. Thus, the invention encompasses DNA vaccines comprisingthe chimeric nucleic acids and/or the carrier molecules of theinvention.

The invention thus provides a method of making an immunogeniccomposition. In one embodiment, the method comprises isolating and/orpurifying the chimeric nucleic acid or polypeptide or the carriermolecule. In another embodiment, the method comprises isolating and/orpurifying the nucleic acid or polypeptide or the carrier molecule, thencombining it with additional components. The additional components canbe any suitable compound that does not have an adverse effect on theimmunogenicity, safety, or effectiveness of the nucleic acid,polypeptide, or carrier molecule of the invention. The additionalcomponents include, but are not limited to, compounds and additives thatare typically added to immunogenic compositions to enhanceimmunogenicity, stability, and bioavailability. Exemplary additives aredisclosed above and are well known to those skilled in the art.

In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the method ofmaking an immunogenic composition is a method of expressing a chimeric(hybrid) polypeptide for use in the production of an immunogeniccomposition. In this embodiment, the chimeric nucleic acid or carriermolecule of the invention is expressed (transcribed and translated) sothat the chimeric polypeptide is produced. The chimeric polypeptide soproduced is then isolated and/or purified to an acceptable level so thatit can be used to make an immunogenic composition. Production of animmunogenic composition in this embodiment of the invention is accordingto the disclosure herein. As used herein, a polypeptide is a polymer ofamino acids and includes peptides (more than 3 amino acids in length),and proteins (more than 100 amino acids in length). Production of thechimeric polypeptide can be performed in vivo or in vitro. Preferably,production occurs in vivo by expression in bacterial or tissue cultures,and the chimeric polypeptide is isolated or purified from those culturesusing known protein purification techniques.

In a further aspect of the invention, methods of making the chimericnucleic acid, carrier molecules, and chimeric polypeptides of theinvention are provided. The methods include commonly known geneticengineering techniques that are well-known to the skilled artisan. Anyknown technique that is routinely practiced by the skilled artisan canbe used to produce and purify the chimeric molecules of the invention.The novelty of the invention does not lie in these techniques, but inthe chimeric molecules constructed through the use of them. In thisaspect, the methods can be used to make a nucleic acid or carriermolecule for use in the production of an immunogenic composition, suchas a DNA vaccine. The invention thus includes a method of making acomposition for use in a DNA vaccine.

The invention also provides methods of treating individuals with theimmunogenic compositions of the invention. The methods of treating canbe methods of therapy or prophylaxis. In embodiments, a method oftreating is provided wherein the method induces an immune response in anindividual (an animal or a human). In embodiments, the method oftreating is a method of inducing a protective response, i.e., a methodof vaccination. In other embodiments, the method of treating is a methodof inducing an immune response in an individual already suffering from adisease or disorder, such as an infection or cancer. Preferably, themethod is a method of vaccination.

The method of treating comprises administering the immunogeniccompositions to individuals, or patients, in need of treatment,suspected of needing treatment, or desiring prophylactic (protective)treatment for a disease or disorder. Any known method of administrationcan be used in this aspect of the invention, including, but not limitedto, injection with syringe and needle (e.g., subcutanaceous,intramuscular, intravenous), oral or mucosal administration, inhalation,topical administration (e.g., applying directly to the skin), and bysuppository.

In an embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the method comprisesadministering the chimeric nucleic acids of the invention to anindividual in an amount sufficient to elicit an immunogenic reaction(immune response) in the recipient. Preferably, this response is aprotective response. The amount of nucleic acid necessary for such animmunization can be determined by those of skill in the art withoutundue or excessive experimentation. For example, compositions comprisingthe chimeric nucleic acids and carrier molecules of the invention can beadministered in an amount of 40 to 100 μg intramuscularly in one orseveral injections. A 100 μg dosage is generally useful for dogs, and a40 μg dosage for mice (weight 20 g).

In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the methodcomprises administering the chimeric polypeptides of the invention to anindividual in an amount sufficient to elicit an immunogenic reaction(immune response) in the recipient. Preferably, the response is aprotective response. The amount of polypeptide necessary for such animmunization can be determined by those of skill in the art withoutundue or excessive experimentation. For example, compositions comprisingthe chimeric polypeptides of the invention can be administered in anamount of 1 to 10 μg intramuscularly in one or several injections.

In another embodiment of this aspect of the invention, the methodcomprises administering the carrier molecule of the invention to anindividual in an amount sufficient to elicit an immunogenic reaction(immune response) in the recipient. Preferably, the response is aprotective response. The amount of carrier molecule necessary for suchan immunization can be determined by those of skill in the art withoutundue or excessive experimentation. For example, compositions comprisingthe carrier molecules of the invention can be administered in an amountof 40 to 100 μg intramuscularly, in one or several injections.

Thus, this aspect of the invention provides a method of DNA vaccination.The method also includes administering any combination of the chimericnucleic acids, the chimeric polypeptides, and the carrier molecule ofthe invention to an individual. In embodiments, the individual is ananimal, and is preferably a mammal. Preferably, the mammal is selectedfrom the group consisting of a human, a dog, a cat, a bovine, a pig, anda horse. In a preferred embodiment, the mammal is a human. In apreferred embodiment, the mammal is a dog. In a preferred embodiment,the mammal is a horse.

The methods of treating include administering immunogenic compositionscomprising not only polypeptides, but compositions comprising nucleicacids (including the carrier molecule) as well. Those of skill in theart are cognizant of the concept, application, and effectiveness ofnucleic acid vaccines (e.g., DNA vaccines) and nucleic acid vaccinetechnology as well as protein and polypeptide based technologies. Thenucleic acid based technology allows the administration of nucleicacids, naked or encapsulated, directly to tissues and cells without theneed for production of encoded proteins prior to administration. Thetechnology is based on the ability of these nucleic acids to be taken upby cells of the recipient organism and expressed to produce animmunogenic determinant to which the recipient's immune system responds.Typically, the expressed antigens are displayed on the cell surface ofcells that have taken up and expressed the nucleic acids, but expressionand export of the encoded antigens into the circulatory system of therecipient individual is also within the scope of the present invention.Such nucleic acid vaccine technology includes, but is not limited to,delivery of naked DNA and RNA, and delivery of expression vectorsencoding polypeptides of interest (carrier molecules). Although thetechnology is termed “vaccine”, it is equally applicable to immunogeniccompositions that do not result in a protective response. Suchnon-protection inducing compositions and methods are encompassed withinthe present invention.

Although it is within the present invention to deliver nucleic acids andcarrier molecules as naked nucleic acid, the present invention alsoencompasses delivery of nucleic acids as part of larger or more complexcompositions. Included among these delivery systems are viruses,virus-like particles, or bacteria containing the chimeric nucleic acidor carrier molecule of the invention. Also, complexes of the invention'snucleic acids and carrier molecules with cell permeabilizing compounds,such as liposomes, are included within the scope of the invention. Othercompounds, supra molecular vectors (EP 696,191, Samain et al.) anddelivery systems for nucleic acid vaccines are known to the skilledartisan, and exemplified in WO 90 111 092 and WO 93 06223, and can bemade and used without undue or excessive experimentation.

The methods of treating individuals according to the invention includeprophylactic treatment, therapeutic treatment, and curative treatment.Prophylactic treatment is treatment of an individual, using the methodsof the invention, before any clinical sign of disease or infection isidentified. Thus, prophylactic treatment is a preventative treatment andincludes vaccination. Prophylactic treatment also includes treatmentthat is instituted after actual infection or disease inception, butbefore at least one clinical sign of the disease or infection isobserved. Therapeutic treatment is treatment of an individual after atleast one clinical sign of disease or infection is identified, or afteran individual is known to (or is highly suspected of) having beenexposed to a quantity of an agent that sufficient to cause disease orinfection. Therapeutic treatment methods do not necessarily result inelimination of the disease or infection; however they do provide aclinically detectable improvement in at least one clinical sign of thedisease or infection. Curative treatment methods result in completeelimination of the clinical signs of the disease or infection in thetreated individual. Included in the curative treatment methods are thosethat result in complete removal of the causative agent of the infectionor disease, whether it be a virus, bacterium, or host cell (such as acancerous cell). Also included in curative treatment methods are thosethat cause complete remission of a disease, i.e., complete eliminationof all outward clinical signs of infection or disease, and repression ofall detectable clinical manifestations of the infection or disease.

With respect to rabies vaccination, it is known that the virus can betreated both prophylactically (e.g., by vaccination of dogs) andcuratively (e.g., by a series of injections to a human previously bittenby a rabid dog). Thus, a preferred embodiment of the present inventionis a method of vaccinating an individual with a vaccine comprising theimmunogenic composition of the invention. As discussed above, theimmunogenic composition of the invention can comprise (or encode)multiple antigenic determinants. Therefore, a method of the inventioncan include multiple types of treatment for multiple types of diseasesor infections. For example, a single method of treatment can compriseprophylactic treatment of polio, prophylactic and therapeutic treatmentof rabies, and prophylactic treatment of influenza.

It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the construction of themolecules, and practice of the methods of the invention withoutdeparting from the scope or spirit of the invention. The invention willnow be described in more detail with reference to specific examples ofthe invention, which are not intended to be, and should not be construedas, limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES

For the Examples, the following materials and methods were used, unlessotherwise specifically stated.

Mice. Female BALB/c (H-2^(d) BALB/C), 6 to 8 weeks of age, and Swiss (14to 16 g) mice were purchased from “Centre d'Elevage et de Recherche”Janvier (Legenest St Isle, France).

Cells and lyssaviruses. BHK-21 cells used for the production andtitration of lyssaviruses were grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium(MEM) containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 5% new born calf serum(Perrin, P., 1996, “Techniques for the preparation of rabiesconjugates”, In Laboratory techniques in rabies, Meslin, F-X., Kaplan,M., and Koprowski, H. Eds., (WHO Geneva):433-445). Neuroblastoma cells(Neuro-2a) used for transfection studies with plasmids were grown in MEMcontaining 8% FBS.

The interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent cytotoxic T cell line (CTLL) wascultured as previously described (Perrin, P. et al., 1988,“Interleukin-2 increases protection against experimental rabies”,Immunobiol. 177:199-209) in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco:Flowbio, Courbevoie,France) containing 10% FBS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM non-essentialamino acids, 5×10³¹ ⁵ M 2-mercaptoethanol, HEPES buffer (FlowLaboratories, Bethesda, Md., USA) and 5 to 10 units (for 1×10⁴ cells) ofrat IL-2 (supernatant of splenocytes stimulated with concanavilin A: ConA). Cells were incubated at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing7.5% CO₂.

Fixed PV-Paris/BHK-21, CVS rabies strains as well as rabies-relatedvirus strains (EBL1b, EBL2b, LCMV, and Mok) were multiplied (passaged)in BHK-21 cells as previously described by Perrin, P., 1996, supra. TheEuropean bat lyssaviruses used were EBL1b (strain number 8916FRA)derived from a bat isolate from France and EBL2b (strain number 9007FIN;a gift from H. Bouhry) isolated from a human in Finland (Amengal, B. etal., 1997, “Evolution of European bat lyssaviruses”, J. Gen. Virol.78:2319-2328). The LCMV strain Arm/53b was kindly provided by Drs. M.Oldstone and M. McChesney (Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, Calif.).

Rabies virus antigens and vaccines. Inactivated and purifiedlyssaviruses (IPRV) were prepared as described by Perrin, P., 1996,supra. Virus was purified from inactivated (β-propiolactone) andclarified infected-cell supernatants by ultracentrifugation through asucrose gradient. PV glycoprotein was solubilized from IPRV and purified(G PV) as previously described by Perrin, P., 1996, supra and Perrin,P., et al., 1985, “Rabies immunosomes (subunit vaccine) structure andimmunogenicity”, Vaccine, 3:325-332.

The two inactivated rabies virus used for comparative protection studieswere prepared with two different strains: 1) PM as commercial vaccinefor human use; (Pasteur Vaccines Mames-1a-Coquette France; Lot Y0047);2) PV as a vaccine for laboratory use (IPRV).

Construction of plasmids expressing lyssavirus G genes. The region(amino acids 253-275) overlapping the only non-conformational epitope(VI) (FIG. 1) was chosen for the construction of chimeric genes becauseit is presumably less structurally constrained than the two majorantigenic sites II and III. The homogeneous and chimeric lyssavirus Ggenes (see FIG. 1) were introduced into the eukaryotic expression vectorpCIneo (Promega), propagated and amplified in E. coli strain DH5a bystandard molecular cloning protocols well known to the skilled artisan.Plasmids pGPV-PV and pGMok-PV were prepared as previously described(Bahloul, C., et al., 1998, “DNA-based immunization for exploring theenlargement of immunological cross-reactivity against the lyssaviruses”,Vaccine 16:417-425). Plasmids pGPV-Mok, pG-PVIII and pGEBL1-PV wereobtained as follows.

For pGPV-Mok, the coding sequence of the site II part of G PV (aminoacids 1-257) was amplified by RT-PCR using degenerated primers:

(SEQ ID NO.: 1) PVXbaI: 5′ TTCTAGAGCCACCATGGTTCCTCAGGCTCTCCTG 3′ (SEQ IDNO.: 2) PVBclI: 5′ ATTGATCAACTGACCGGGAGGGC 3′The PCR product was inserted into the SmaI site of pUC19, then excisedwith BclI and EcoRI and ligated between the same sites in pGMok-Mokgiving pGPV-Mok, containing an in-frame fusion of amino acids 1-257 fromG PV with amino acids 258-503 from G Mok.

The pG-PVIII gene, with an internal in-frame deletion between the end ofthe PV signal peptide and residue 253, was obtained by introducing asynthetic adaptor between the EcoRI and BclI restriction sites of thepGMok-PV plasmid. This PV adaptor, containing a single EcoRI site, wasgenerated by annealing 200 picomoles of each primer in 250 mM Tris-HClpH 7.7. pG-PVIII was deposited on Dec. 22, 1998 with the CollectionNationale de Cultures de Microorganismes (CNCM), Paris, France, andgiven Accession Number I-2115.

PVp1: (SEQ ID NO.: 3) 5′ AATTCTAGAGCCGCCACCATGGTTCCTCAGGCTCTCCTGTTTGTACCCCTTCTGGTTTTTCCATTGTGTTTTGGGAAGAATTCCCCCCCCGGTCAGT T 3′ Pvp2: (SEQ IDNO.: 4) 5′ GATCAACTGACCGGGGGGGGAATTCTTCCCAAAACACAATGGAAAAACCAGAAGGGGTACAAACAGGAGAGCCTGAGGAACCATGGTGGCGGCTCTA G 3′

To generate the pGEBL1-PV gene, a synthetic adaptor corresponding toamino acids 2-14 from EBL-1a (strain 8615POL), single BstEII and EcoRIrestriction sites were generated in the same way as that for pG-PVIII,by annealing:

EBL1p1: (SEQ ID NO.: 5)5′ AATTTCCCAATCTACACCATCCCGGATAAAATCGGACCGTGGTCACC TATTCCG 3′ EBL1p2:(SEQ ID NO.: 6) 5′ AATTCGGAATAGGTGACCACGGTCCGATTTTATCCGGGATGGTGTAGATTGGGA 3′This EBL1 adaptor was ligated in-frame into the EcoRI site of pG-PVIII.A fragment corresponding to amino acids 15-253 from EBL-1a (strain8615POL) was then generated by RT-PCR of viral RNA using primers EBL1p3and EBL1p4:

EBL1p3: (SEQ ID NO.: 7)5′ CCGTGGTCACCTATTGATATAAACCATCTCAGCTGCCCAAACAACTT GATCGTGGAAGATGAG 3′EBL1p4: (SEQ ID NO.: 8) 5′ GGAATTCGAGCACCATTCTGGAGCTTC 3′The RT/PCR product was digested with BstEII and EcoRI and was ligatedinto the same sites introduced via the EBL1 adaptor, resulting in anin-frame fusion between the PV signal peptide, the EBL1a site II partand the PV site III part. The identity of each construct was confirmedby automatic sequencing with dye terminator reaction on an ABI 377sequencer (Perkin-Elmer). pEBL1-PV was deposited with the CNCM on Dec.22, 1998, and assigned the Accession Number I-2114.

Insertion of foreign B and CD8 cell epitopes in truncated or chimeric Ggenes. The previously reported truncated (pGPVIII) and chimeric genes(pGEBL1-PV) containing a unique EcoRI cloning site were used for theinsertion of foreign B and CD8 cell epitopes. Lyssavirus G genes wereintroduced into the eukaryotic expression vector pCIneo (Promega),propagated and amplified in Escherichia coli strain DH5a by standardmolecular cloning protocols.

B and CD8 cell epitopes were inserted into the EcoRI restriction site ofthe truncated or chimeric lyssavirus G genes in the hinge region (aminoacids 253 to 275) of the molecule at position 253. The B cell epitope(named <<B>>) corresponded to fragment C3 (amino acid 93 to 103:DNPASTTNKDK: SEQ ID NO.: 9) of the poliovirus VP1 protein. The CD8 cellepitope (named <<CTL>>) corresponded to amino acids 119-127 (PQASGVYMG:SEQ ID NO.: 10) or amino acids 117-132 (ERPQASGVYMGNLTAQ: SEQ ID NO.:11) of the lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein. Plasmidsp(B-CTL)2-GPVIII, pGEBL1-(B)-PV, pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV, pGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV,pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV, and pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV were obtained as follows (seealso FIG. 1):

The p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII gene was generated by a two step cloning of asynthetic adapter in the unique EcoRI restriction site by annealing 200picomoles of each primer:

<<B-CTLp1>>: (SEQ ID NO.: 12)5′ AATTCAGATAACCCGGCGTCGACCACTAACAAGGATAAGCTGTTCGCAGTGCCTCAGGCCTCTGGTGTGTATATGGGT 3′ <<B-CTLp2>>: (SEQ ID NO.: 13)5′ AATTACCCATATACACACCAGAGGCCTGAGGCACTGCGAACAGCTTATCCTTGTTAGTGGTCGACGCCGGGTTATCTG 3′.

For pGEBL1-(B)-PV, pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV, the synthetic adaptors used for theinsertion were respectively:

B: <<Bp3′>>: (SEQ ID NO.: 14) 5′ AATTTGGATAACCCGGCGTCGACCACTAACAA 3′<<Bp4>>: (SEQ ID NO.: 15) 5′ AATTCTTATCCTTGTTAGTGGTCGACGCCGGG 3′ CTL:<<CTLp5>>: (SEQ ID NO.: 16)5′ AATTTGGAGAGACCTCAGGCCTCTGGTGTGTATATGGGTAATCTTAC GGCCCAG 3′ <<CTLp6>>:(SEQ ID NO.: 17) 5′ AATTCTGGGAAGTAAGATTACCCATATACACACCAGAGGCCTGAGGTCTCTCCA 3′.

For pGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV and pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV plasmid construction,pGEBL1-(B)-PV and pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV were used under the same conditions asabove to insert CTL and B sequences, respectively, in the chimericgenes.

The identity of each construct was confirmed by automatic sequencingwith dye terminator reaction on an ABI 377 sequencer (Perkin-Elmer).

Transient expression experiments. The ability of plasmids to inducetransient expression of G related antigens was tested after transfectionof Neuro 2a cells using the DOTAP cationic liposome-mediated methodaccording to the manufacturer's instructions (Boehringer Mannheim). Eachwell of a cell culture microplate (Falcon) was inoculated with 3×10⁴cells (in MEM, 10% FBS) and incubated for 24 h at 37° C. in a humidifiedatmosphere containing 7.5% CO₂. The plate was then washed with MEMwithout FBS and incubated as above for 1 h. The cell supernatant wasremoved, and the wells were washed and filled with a total volume of 50μl transfection solution, which contained 0.1 μg plasmid and 6 μl DOTAP((N-(1-2,3,-dioleoyloxy) propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammoniummethyl-sulfate)in sterile HEPES-buffered saline (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM HEPES) previouslyincubated at room temperature for 15 min. The plate was incubated for 5h at 37° C. in the presence of 7.5% CO₂. Two hundred μl MEM containing2% FBS were added to each well and the plate was incubated for 24 to 140h in the same conditions, before analysis of transient expression byindirect immunofluorescence.

The ability of plasmids to induce transient expression of G and foreignrelated antigens was tested after transfection of Neuro 2a cells usingthe FuGENE 6 transfection reagent according to the manufacturer'sinstructions (Boehringer Mannheim). Each well of a cell culture Labtekchamber Nunc (Life Technologies) was inoculated with 3×10⁴ cells (inMEM, 10% FBS) and incubated for 24 h at 37° C. in a humidifiedatmosphere containing 7.5% CO₂. The plates were then washed with MEMwithout FBS and wells were filled with 50 μl transfection solution: 0.1μg plasmid, 3 μl of FuGENE 6 transfection reagent, and 47 μl ofHEPES-buffered saline. The plate was incubated for 18 h at 37° C. in thepresence of 7.5% CO₂. Two hundred μl MEM containing 5% FBS were added toeach well and the plate was incubated another 24 h under the sameconditions before analysis of transient expression by indirectimmunofluorescence.

Antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies (PAb) directed against PV and Mok Gwere obtained as described by Perrin, P., 1996, “Techniques for thepreparation of rabies conjugates”, In Laboratory techniques in rabies,Meslin, F-X., Kaplan, M., and Koprowski, H. Eds. (WHO Geneva):433-445,by rabbit immunization with purified virus glycoprotein. PAb againstEBL-1b virus was obtained by mouse immunization with inactivated andpurified virus.

Three monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against PV G were also used.PVE12 MAb (a MAb developed by M. Lafon et al., 1985, “Use of amonoclonal antibody for quantitation of rabies vaccine glycoprotein byenzyme immunoassay”, J. Biol. Standard 13:295-301) recognizes site II ofnative G. D1 MAb (IgG 1 isotype), produced in our laboratory, recognizessite III of native but not SDS-treated G. 6A1 MAb (a MAb reported inLafay et al., 1996, J. Gen. Virol. 77:339-346) recognizes SDS-denaturedG protein and more precisely two peptides located downstream from siteIII, near the COOH-terminal part of the G ectodomain (amino acids342-433 and 397-450).

Immunofluorescence microscopy. Transient expression of G antigens intransfected cells was assessed with and without permeabilization (30 minincubation with 80% acetone on ice followed by air drying). Transfectedcells were incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with PAb or MAb. They were washedwith PBS, and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. with goat anti-rabbit oranti-mouse FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Nordic Immunol. Labs, TheNetherlands). Cells were washed, mounted in glycerol, and examined in aLeica inverted fluorescence microscope.

Two mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against PV G (D1 MAb IgG 1isotype) and poliovirus (C3 MAb) were used for antigen staining byindirect immunofluorescence (IIF). D1 MAb recognizes the site III ofnative but not SDS-treated G and C3 MAb recognizes the 93-103 region ofthe PV-1 capsid VP1 protein. A rabbit neutralizing polyclonal antibodydirected against the native poliovirus type 1 was also used.

Transient expression was assessed after 3% paraformaldehyde (Sigma)fixation (20 min incubation at room temperature) withoutpermeabilization. Fixed cells were incubated for 1 h at room temperaturewith MAb. They were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), andincubated for 1 h at room temperature with goat anti-mouse oranti-rabbit FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (Nordic Immunol. Labs,The Netherlands). Cells were washed, mounted in Mowiol (Sigma) andexamined in a Leica inverted fluorescence microscope.

Putative PEST sequence analysis. Polypeptide PEST sequences potentiallyinvolved in rapid degradation of protein were analyzed with the computerprogram PEST find developed according to Rogers, S. et al., 1986, “Aminoacid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PESThypothesis”, Science 234:364-369.

Injection of plasmids into mice. For immunological studies, BALB/c micewere anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and 20-50 μg plasmid(diluted in PBS) was injected into each anterior tibialis muscle. Thiswas more effective than injection via the quadriceps route. Blood wascollected for antibody assay of serum on various days by retro-orbitalpuncture.

For protection studies against LCMV, mice received 3.5 μg of cardiotoxin(Latoxan A.P., Les Ulis, France) in each leg four days beforeanaesthesia and immunization to degenerate the muscle.

Interleukin-2 release assay. Fourteen days after injection, spleens wereremoved from naive, or plasmid-injected BALB/c mice. Splenocytes (1 mlaliquots containing 6×10⁶) were stimulated with 0.5 μg lyssavirusantigen (e.g., IPLV-PV and IPLV-EBL1) or 5 μg concanavilin A (Miles) in24-well plates (Nuclon-Delta, Nunc) and cultured according to standardprocedures in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco) containing 10% FBS, 1 mM sodiumpyruvate, 1 mM non-essential amino acids, 5×10⁻⁵ M 2-mercaptoethanol, 10mM HEPES buffer (Flow Laboratories). Cells were incubated for 24 h at37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 7% CO₂. Under theseconditions, cells producing IL-2 are mainly CD4⁺ cells. IL-2 produced insupernatants of splenocyte cultures was titrated by bioassay using CTLLcells as previously described by Perrin, P. et al., 1996, “Theantigen-specific cell-mediated immune response in mice is suppressed byinfection with pathogenic lyssaviruses”, Res. Virol. 147:289-299. Cellproliferation was determined in triplicate, based on the uptake of³H-thymidine (New England Nuclear). IL-2 concentration was determined asunits per ml (U/ml) using mouse recombinant IL-2 (Genzyme Corporation,Cambridge, Mass., USA) as the reference. CTLL cells grew in the presenceof mouse IL-2 and anti-IL-4 antibodies but not in the presence of IL-4(up to 10 U/ml) and in the absence of IL-2. IL-2 was predominantlydetected by this technique.

Antibody assays. For antibody assay of serum, blood was collected onvarious days by retro-orbital puncture. Rabies IgG were titrated byenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using microplates coated withpurified rabies glycoprotein. Titer corresponded to the reciprocaldilution of the serum sample giving the optical density equivalent totwice that given by serum (diluted 1/20) of PBS injected mice. Totalanti-rabies IgG or IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3 isotypes were assayed by ELISAusing microplates coated with IPRV as previously described (Perrin, P.et al., 1986, “The influence of the type of immunosorbent on rabiesantibody EIA; advantages of purified glycoprotein over whole virus”, J.Biol. Standard. 14:95) with rabbit anti-mouse IgG isotype sera as thesecondary antibody (Nordic Immunol. Labs, The Netherlands) and a goatanti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate (Nordic Immunol. Labs, TheNetherlands) as the tertiary antibody.

Lyssavirus neutralizing antibodies were titrated by the rapidfluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) (described by Smith, J. etal., 1996, “A rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) fordetermining virus-neutralizing antibody”, In Laboratory techniques inrabies, Fourth edition (Eds Meslin, F-X; Kaplan, M and Koprowski, H)WHO, Geneva.: 181-189) with the previously described modifications ofPerrin, P. et al., 1986, J. Biol. Standard. 14:95. Infected cellsupernatants (PV, CVS, and EBL2 viruses) and purified viruses (Mok andEBL1 viruses) were used. Anti-PV or CVS antibody titers are expressed ininternational units per ml (IU/ml) using the 2nd International Standard(Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark) as the reference. Forantibody titer determination against other lyssaviruses, the serumdilution causing 50% inhibition of the fluorescent focus rate wasdefined as having the same VNAb titer as for reference assayed againstCVS.

Antibodies to PV-1 were assayed by ELISA as previously described usingmicroplates coated with a synthetic peptide constituted by a trimer ofamino acids 93-103 of VP1. Anti-LCM IgG production was also tested byELISA.

Protection test. The protective activity of vaccines and plasmids wasdetermined according to the NIH potency test. Dilutions of vaccine wereinjected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) into mice on days 0 and 7 whereasplasmids (40 μg) were injected into each anterior tibialis muscle on day0 only. Mice were then intra-cerebrally (i.c.) challenged on day 21 withabout 30 LD₅₀ of various lyssaviruses (CVS, LCMV, EBL1b, or EBL2b).Animals were observed for 28 days or alternatively sacrificed at day 21post-challenge and blood samples collected in order to control the virusclearance and the anti-LCMV IgG production.

Example 1 Transient Expression of Lyssavirus G Genes

Plasmids containing homogeneous (pGPV-PV), truncated (pG-PVIII), andchimeric (pGEBL1-PV, pGMok-PV and pGPV-Mok) lyssavirus G genes were usedto transfect Neuro 2a cells. Cell staining by indirectimmunofluorescence is reported in FIG. 2 and can be summarized asfollows.

After transfection with pGPV-PV, antigen was detected with PV PAb (FIG.2A), PV D1 MAb (FIG. 2B), or PV E12 MAb (not shown), mostly at the cellmembrane (similar results with non-permeabilized cells, data not shown)and very few detected with 6A1 MAb (FIG. 2C). Cells transfected withpG-PVIII were round in shape and completely stained (both cytoplasm andmembrane) with PV PAb (FIG. 2D) or 6A1 MAb (FIG. 2F), but not with PV D1MAb (FIG. 2E). Cells transfected with pGEBL1-PV were stained mostly atthe cell membrane with PV PAb (FIG. 2G), PV D1 MAb (FIG. 2H), or EBL-1PAb (FIG. 2I). Cells transfected with pGMok-PV were stained (mainly atthe membrane) with PV PAb (FIG. 2J), PV D1 MAb (FIG. 2K), Mok PAb (FIG.2L), and very few stained with 6A1 MAb (not shown). Cells transfectedwith pGPV-Mok were stained with PV PAb (FIG. 2M) or Mok PAb and round inshape (FIG. 2N).

Cell transfection distinguishes two types of G antigens: 1) stainedprincipally at the membrane of cells normal in shape, in particularusing neutralizing MAb directed to site II (PV E12) and III (PV D1); and2) stained in both the cytoplasm and membrane of cells round in shape,in particular using MAb (6A1), which recognizes the denatured Gmolecule.

The kinetics of G protein expression was studied upon transfection ofcells with three representative plasmids: pGPV-PV (homogenous),pGEBL1-PV (chimeric), and pG-PVIII (truncated). pGPV-PV produced Gantigens in about 60% of cells when stained with PV PAb, whereas veryfew cells were stained with PV 6A1 MAb at any time point (FIG. 3A).About 55% of cells transfected with pGEBL1-PV were stained with PV PAband up to 15% with 6A1 MAb (FIG. 3B) indicating that some G moleculeswere denatured. Ten to twenty percent of cells transfected with pG-PVIIIwere round in shape and stained with PV PAb whereas 5 to 10% werepositive with 6A1 MAb, indicating that G molecules were denatured (FIG.3C).

Example 2 Induction of IL-2-Producing Cells

The ability of the plasmids, pGPV-PV, pG-PVIII, pGEBL1-PV, pGMok-PV andpGPV-Mok to induce IL-2-producing cells was assayed and the results areshown in FIG. 4. Plasmids with the site III part of PV, whether unfused(pG-PVIII) or with any lyssavirus site II part (PGPV-PV, pGEBL1-PV andpGMok-PV), efficiently induced IL-2 producing cells (240 to 550 mU/ml).This was true even for pG-PVIII, which, however, had only low efficiencyfor both cell transfection (see above) and antibody induction (seebelow). For the chimeric plasmids EBL1-PV and Mok-PV, the T-cellresponse was greater after stimulation with inactivated and purified PVthan with EBL-1b or Mok viruses. This was not due to the quality of thepurified antigens because immunization of BALB/c mice with PV, EBL-1b,or Mok inactivated and purified virus followed by in vitro stimulationwith the same antigen induced similar levels of IL-2 production (PV: 250mU/ml, EBL-1b: 350 mU/ml and Mok: 400 mU/ml). In contrast, the plasmidpGPV-Mok induced only a weak Th cell response (IL-2 titer: 50 mU/ml),which was similarly produced in vitro after stimulation with eitherinactivated and purified PV or Mok virus.

Example 3 Serological Assays

The truncated pG-PVIII plasmid did not induce the production of rabiesantibodies, when assayed by RFFIT and ELISA. However when IL-2 wasinjected together with pG-PVIII, and then alone 7 days later, antibodieswere detected on day 21 only by ELISA (data not shown). Thus, the siteIII part was expressed in vivo and induced a weak production ofnon-neutralizing antibodies, which was boosted by exogenous IL-2.

In contrast, when the site III part of PV was linked with the homologoussite II part, as in pGPV-PV, it displayed strong immunogenicity. Asingle injection of pGPV-PV plasmid into mice resulted in high levels ofVNAb measured 27 days later against both the homologous PV and CVSviruses and the heterologous EBL-2b virus (FIG. 5A). The antibodyisotype induced was mainly IgG 2a, but a weak IgG 1 response was alsoobserved (data not shown). However, the correlation between VNAb titersagainst PV was stronger with IgG 2a (r=0.974) than with IgG 1 titer(r=0.71), indicating that VNAb induced by DNA-based immunization weremainly IgG 2a. The VNAb titer against the homologous PV and CVS virusesincreased when mice received a booster injection on day 30 and theirsera were checked at day 40, but not the VNAb titers against theheterologous EBL-2b virus which remained unchanged (FIG. 5A). Likewise,under these conditions, a relationship between VNAb level induced bypGPV-PV and the protection of mice against an i.c. challenge with CVSwas seen: all animals with a VNAb titer (on day 20) above 1.5 IU/mlsurvived the challenge on day 21 (not shown). In contrast, nosignificant amount of VNAb against EBL-1b was produced after a singleinjection or after a boost.

In view of these results and a previous observation that the chimericplasmid pGMok-PV induced VNAb against both PV and Mok viruses, thecapability of the site III part of PV to carry the heterologous EBL1site II part was investigated. A single injection of the chimericplasmid pGEBL1-PV similarly induced VNAb against both PV and EBL-1bviruses (FIG. 5B). Fourteen days after injection, titers were 2 IU/mland they increased to 17 IU/ml after 80 days. The level of VNAbproduction against EBL-1b was always higher than that against PV, butthe difference was not significant.

Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that chimeric G genesencoding the site III part of PV and the site II part of G of otherlyssaviruses such as EBL-1b or Mok are very potent inducers of VNAbagainst both parental viruses. In contrast, the symmetric pGPV-Mokconstruct did not induce VNAb against either PV or Mok viruses (notshown).

Example 4 Protection Assays Against European Lyssaviruses

The ability of both the homogenous pGPV-PV and the chimeric pGEBL1-PVplasmid to induce protection against an i.c. challenge with virusesrepresenting lyssavirus genotypes involved in the transmission ofencephalomyelitis in Europe (CVS for GT1, EBL1b for GT5, and EBL2b forGT6) was tested. Their efficiency was compared with that of acommercially available vaccine (PM strain: GT1) and a laboratorypreparation (PV strain: GT1), and the results are presented in FIG. 6.

The plasmid backbone (pCIneo) did not induce protection against anyvirus (FIGS. 6 d, e, and f). In contrast, pGPV-PV protected 70% ofBALB/c (and 85% of Swiss) mice against CVS (FIG. 6 d), 30% against EBL1b(FIG. 6 e), and 72% against EBL2b (FIG. 6 f). In the same conditions,pGEBL1-PV protected 60% of BALB/c mice against CVS (FIG. 6 d), 75%against EBL1b (FIG. 6 e) and 80% against EBL2b (FIG. 6 f). Thus, ifimmunization with any of the two plasmids showed no significantdifference in the protection against CVS (GT1) and EBL2b (GT6), thechimeric pGEBL1-PV was far more efficient against EBL1b (GT5) and isclearly the best candidate for protection with DNA-based immunizationagainst the three European lyssavirus genotypes.

Concerning the protection induced by inactivated cell culture vaccinesusing the PM and PV strains against the same challenges, a human dose ofPM vaccine diluted 1/10th protected 80% of mice against CVS (FIG. 6 a),36% against EBL1b (FIG. 6 b), and 80% against EBL2b (FIG. 6 c). Underthe same conditions, 2 μg of PV IPRV protected 100% of mice against bothCVS (FIG. 6 a) and EBL1b (FIG. 6 b) and 85% against EBL2b (FIG. 6 c).For a vaccine dose that protected 80 to 85% of the animals againstEBL2b, the PV strain protected 100% and PM strain only 36% againstEBL1b. Thus, the PM strain is less effective than the PV strain againstEBL1b.

Example 5 Transient Expression of Lyssavirus G Genes

Plasmids containing the foreign antigen encoding sequences associatedwith the truncated (pG-PVIII) or chimeric (pGEBL1-PV) lyssavirus G geneswere tested for their ability to transiently transfect Neuro 2a cells.Except for pG(B-CTL)₂-PVIII, which induced an IIF staining (in thecytoplasm) only after permeabilization, all plasmids induced theexpression of polio- and lyssaviruses related antigens at the cellmembrane of non-permeabilized cells, as previously reported for the sameplasmids without foreign epitopes.

For illustration, transfection results obtained with pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PVare reported in FIG. 7. Both rabies virus G part recognized by PV D1 MAb(FIG. 7A) and poliovirus insert recognized either by the C3 MAb (FIG.7B) or the anti poliovirus type 1 PAb (FIG. 7C) were evidenced, whereasno staining was observed with the same MAb and PAb on PChIeo transfectedcells (FIG. 7D). This clearly indicates that, except forpG(B-CTL)₂-PVIII, the chimeric pGEBL1-PV glycoprotein allowed theexpression of the poliovirus B cell epitope alone or in association withthe LCMV CTL cell epitope at the cell surface membrane under a nativeform whereas the expression of lyssavirus G was maintained.

Example 6 Immunogenicity of Foreign Epitopes Carried by the TruncatedGlycoprotein

The truncated pGPVIII gene was used to carry and expressed C3 VP1 B celland LCMV CD8⁺ CTL epitopes in mice after DNA-based immunization.

While the pGPVIII gene induced IL-2 producing cells that can bestimulated in vitro by IPRV 21 days after injection, no production wasobserved after 14 days (FIG. 8A). However, a significant production wasobserved with pG(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII after 14 days (FIG. 8A). This indicatesthat the fusion of foreign epitopes with GPVIII significantly enhancesthe production of Th cells directed to site III part of rabies G.

Although pGPVIII induced no anti-rabies antibody in the absence ofexogenous IL-2 (FIG. 9), the kinetic study of antibody induced bypG(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII showed that significant antibody production occurredagainst both rabies G and poliovirus peptide (FIG. 9). This alsoindicates that the fusion of foreign epitopes with GPVIII significantlyenhances the production of antibody directed to site III part of rabiesPV G. Moreover, the truncated GPVIII was able to carry and to allow theexpression of poliovirus B cell epitope in vivo with antibodyproduction.

Production of antibodies induced by p(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII against apoliovirus peptide was also tested after priming with either pGPVIII orp(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII itself (FIG. 10). When p(B-CTL)₂-CPVIII was injectedwithout priming and controlled 13 days (PBS/p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII-D26-) or 39days after (p(B-CTL)2-GPVIII-D0-), anti-peptide antibody titer was 65and 80, respectively. However, if a priming was performed with pGPVIIIor p(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII, the titer was 200 and 600, respectively. Thisclearly demonstrates that the two types of priming enhanced antibodyproduction against a poliovirus peptide.

Example 7 Immunogenicity of Foreign Epitopes Carried by the ChimericGlycoprotein

Immunogenicity of both B and CD8 T cell epitopes and the consequence oftheir insertion on the immunogenicity of the chimeric glycoprotein wereanalyzed according to humoral and cell mediated immune responses afterDNA-based immunization. When epitopes were inserted in the chimericpGEBL1-PV plasmid, the induction of IL-2-producing cells able to bestimulated by IPLV depended on inserted epitopes. Two types of resultswere obtained, and are shown in FIG. 8B: i) IL-2 production induced bypGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV, pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV, and pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV was similarto that induced by pGEBL1-PV; and ii) IL-2 production induced bypGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV (data not shown) and pGEBL1-(B)-PV was inhibited.Consequently, the chimeric G EBL1-PV can carry foreign B and CD8 T cellepitopes without negative effects on its ability to induceIL-2-producing cells. However, concerning the B cell epitope, a positioneffect was observed since its insertion immediately behind the EBL1sequence was deleterious for the induction of T helper cells stimulatedby lyssavirus G. However, this phenomenon was not evidenced withpGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV.

Insertion of foreign epitopes in pGEBL1-PV was also studied for itsconsequence on the induction of antibodies against poliovirus peptideand VNAb against both PV and EBL1 lyssaviruses. Table 1 shows antibodyproduction induced by the chimeric pGEBL1-PV plasmid carrying variousforeign epitopes. BALB/c mice (three for each plasmid) were injectedwith 50 μg of various plasmids in each tibialis muscle. Sera wereassayed on day 21 for rabies or EBL1 virus neutralizing antibody by theRFFIT method (titer expressed in IU/ml) and for poliovirus anti-peptideantibody by ELISA. Results are expressed as the mean titer, and standarddeviation are reported in brackets.

The four plasmids containing the B cell epitope (pGEBL1-(B)-PV,pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV, pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV, and pGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV) inducedantibody against the poliovirus peptide. However, when the B cellepitope followed EBL1 sequence (pGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV and pGEBL1-(B)-PV),antibody production was weaker than when the B epitope was separated bythe CD8 cell epitope (pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV). The results forpGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV were intermediary. The insertion of foreign epitopesinduced a decrease of anti-lyssavirus VNAb production but was maintainedat a high level when animals were injected with pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV orpGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV. However, when the B cell epitope was insertedimmediately behind the EBL1 sequence, not as great of an anti-lyssavirusVNAb production was observed.

In summary, the chimeric G EBL1-PV can carry and allow the in vivoexpression of both poliovirus and lyssavirus neutralizing B cellepitopes but the presence of the poliovirus B cell epitope immediatelybehind the EBL1 sequence (excepted for (B-CTL)₂ insertion) isdeleterious for the immunogenicity of both the site II and site III partof the chimeric glycoprotein. On the other hand, when the foreignepitopes are fused with the truncated G PVIII, both T helper andnon-neutralizing antibody production can be induced.

TABLE 1 Antibody production induced by the chimeric pGEBL1-PV plasmidcarrying various combinations of B and CD8′ T cell foreign epitopes.Neutralizing antibody (IU/ml) against: Poliovirus anti-peptide EuropeanBat antibody Plasmid injected Rabies virus Lyssavirus 1 (Reciprocaldilution) pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV 0.9 (0.05) 1.1 (0.07) 1100 (200)pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV 1.8 (0.2) 8.0 (1.0) 1510 (490) pGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV 0.06(0.06) 0.6 (0.07) 810 (210) pGEBL1-(CTL)-PV 2.6 (0.2) 5.2 (0.2) 0 (0)pGEBL1-(B)-PV 0.1 (0.01) 0.21 (0.09) 355 (45) pGEBL1-PV 5.9 (2.1) 21.9(1.8) 0 (0) pCIneo 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

Example 8 Protection Against a Lethal Dose of LCMV

As the CD8 T cell epitope is involved in the induction of protectionagainst LCMV, the truncated and chimeric G carrying the LCMV CD8⁺ T cellepitope were tested for their protective activity. Table 2 shows theprotection induced by the chimeric pGEBL1-PV plasmid carrying the LCMVCD8⁺ epitopes. BALB/c mice (three for each plasmid) were injected with40 μg of various plasmids and i.c. challenged on day 21. Percentage ofsurviving animals is reported in brackets.

The truncated p(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII induced only a partial protection. Whenthe B and CD8 T cell epitopes were inserted into the chimeric GEBL1-PV,a significant protection was observed with pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV against alethal challenge with LCMV (70% of mice survived). Under theseconditions, the surviving animals completely eliminated the virus whencontrolled by RT-PCR 21 days post-infection (data not shown). Thisindicates that the chimeric G is a very potent carrier of a protectiveCD8 cell epitope. However, as for anti-lyssavirus and poliovirus immuneresponses, the insertion of the poliovirus B cell epitope immediatelybehind the EBL1 sequence induced an inhibition of the protectiveactivity of the following CD8 cell epitope.

TABLE 2 Protection induced by the truncated pGPVIII and the chimericpGEBL1-PV plasmid encoding the LCMV CD8′ epitope. Plasm id injectedSurvival animals (%) pCIneo 0/10 (0) p(B-CTL)₂-GPVIII 2/5 (40)pGEBL1-(B-CTL)-PV 0/10 (0) pGEBL1-(CTL-B)-PV 7/10 (70)

Example 9 Putative PEST Sequence

Since a deleterious position effect was clearly observed for theposition of the insertion of the B cell epitope before or after the CTLcell epitope, the presence of putative PEST sequences in the differentplasmids was analyzed (FIG. 1D). Only two plasmids (pGEBL1-(B)-PV andpGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV) contained putative PEST sequences due to thejunction of the end of EBL1 and the B cell epitope sequences. However,the substitution of the serine (S) in pGEBL1-(B-CTL)₂-PV by a leucine(L) in pGEBL1-(B)-PV reduced the PEST value from +8.38 to +4.20.

Example 10 Dog Immunization and Challenge

Beagle dogs ranging in age from 4 to 8 years were assigned in fourexperimental groups (Table 3). They were kept in isolated cages and fedwith commercial food (400 g each day). They were injectedintramuscularly in the thigh with either with 100 μg of plasmid (groupA, B, and C) or PBS (group D). Plasmid was injected in one site on day0, 21, 42, and 175 (group A) or on day 0 and 175 (group C). It was alsoinjected in three sites (3×33 μg) on day 0, 21, 42, and 175 (group B).Blood samples were collected (from veinpuncture) on day 0, 28, 49, 70,120, 175, and 189.

Lyssavirus neutralizing antibodies were titrated by the rapidfluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) with the previously describedmodifications using PV, CVS, or FWR viruses. Anti-PV, CVS, or FWRneutralizing antibody titers are expressed in international units per ml(IU/ml) using the 2nd International Standard (Statens Seruminstitut,Copenhagen, Denmark) as the reference or as the reciprocal serumdilution that inhibit 50% of fluorescent focus. Under these conditions,a titer of 40, 70, or 60 (reciprocal serum dilution) was equivalent to0.5 IU/ml against PV, CVS or FWR respectively.

As shown in FIG. 11, a virus neutralizing antibody (VNAb) can be inducedby the plasmid containing the gene encoding the G protein groups (A, B,and C), whereas no antibody was detected in PBS injected animals (groupD) whatever the injection protocol. Heightened levels of VNAb wereobtained after one injection and a boost on day 21 (group A) or on day175 (group C). As the seroconversion occurs for 0.5 IU/ml, it wasconcluded that all animals serconverted.

Moreover, the results presented in FIG. 12 show that allplasmid-injected (vaccinated) dogs were protected against a rabies viruschallenge. This is in contrast to the two unvaccinated animals (dogs 11and 12) that were challenged, but did not survive.

These results are representative and the dosage can be extrapolated toother rabies-susceptible animals, including humans.

TABLE 3 Dog characteristics and injection protocol Injection Dog AgeProduct Site Group number Sex* (years) injected number Day A 1 M 8Plasmid 1 0, 21, 42 and 175 2 F 6 Plasmid 1 0, 21, 42 and 175 3 F 6Plasmid 1 0, 21, 42 and 175 B 4 F 6 Plasmid 3 0, 21, 42 and 175 5 M 6Plasmid 3 0, 21, 42 and 175 6 F 8 Plasmid 3 0, 21, 42 and 175 C 7 M 4Plasmid 1 0 and 175 8 F 7 Plasmid 1 0 and 175 9 F 4 Plasmid 1 0 and 175D  10** M 4 PBS 1 0, 21, 42 and 175 11  M 4 PBS 1 0, 21, 42 and 175 12 M 4 PBS 1 0, 21, 42 and 175 *M: male; F: female **Discarded on day 160(sick)

Example 11 pG-PVIII as a Carrier for Plasmodium Proteins

Malaria during a woman's first pregnancy results in a high rate of fetaland neonatal death. The decreasing susceptibility during subsequentpregnancies correlates with acquisition of antibodies that block bindingof infected red blood cells to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), a receptorfor parasites in the placenta. The inventors have identified a domainwithin a particular Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1(PfEMP-1) that binds CSA (Buffet et al., 1999, “P. falciparum domainmediating adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A: A receptor for humanplacental infection”, PNAS, 96:12743-48). More specifically, a var gene,which is a Plasmodium-derived protein that is expressed in CSA-bindingparasitized red blood cells (PRBCs), was cloned. The gene encodes aprotein that has eight receptor-like domains. The inventors and theircolleagues successfully demonstrated that the Duffy-binding-like (DBL)domain called DBL-3 binds CSA and displays the same binding specificityas PRBCs.

The DBL-3 domain contains a number of cysteines, which seem to beimportant for the correct folding of the CSA binding region. Thisfolding can, most likely, not be achieved in bacterial expressionsystems, but can certainly be achieved using a eukaryotic expressionsystem.

A chimeric expression plasmid (DBL-3/PVIII) having 1) a nucleic acidsequence encoding the DBL-3 domain and 2) a nucleic acid sequenceencoding the PVIII site was prepared and transfected into N₂A cells.After transfection, washing, and outgrowth of transfected cells inmicrotiter plate wells, the cells were fixed with 80% acetone for 10minutes on ice, then subjected to indirect immunofluorescence todetermine whether the DBL-3 and/or PVIII epitopes were expressed, and ifso, where the encoded epitopes were located within the cells.

FIG. 13 shows that both the DBL-3 domain and the PVIII site wereefficiently expressed at the membrane of transfected cells. This resulthas a great number of implications, not the least of which is thatexpression of the heterologous Plasmodium DBL-3 epitope on the surfaceof eukaryotic cells using a chimeric nucleic acid carrier molecule ofthe invention can be accomplished. For example, expression of the DBL-3epitope from a carrier molecule of the invention can be used to induceimmunity that protects a pregnant woman and her fetus from the harmfuland potentially deadly effects of malaria.

Example 12 Protection Against Malaria

Because protective antibodies present after pregnancy block binding ofparasites from different parts of the world to CSA, pregnant women andtheir fetuses can be protected via cross-reactivity induced by exposureto DBL-3. Thus, vaccines containing or expressing the DBL-3 domain canbe used to immunize women, including pregnant women, especially thosewomen in tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South and CentralAmerica.

Thus, the present invention provides an excellent means to induceantibodies capable of interfering with the CSA binding of infectederythrocytes, thereby protecting women and their fetuses from the harmcaused by malaria.

A DNA vaccine is administered to women who are pregnant or who areplanning to become pregnant. The DNA vaccine comprises a chimericnucleic acid carrier molecule, in which an expression vector having anucleic acid sequence encoding the DBL-3 domain is fused to a nucleicacid sequence encoding the rabies PVIII site. Fusion of the DBL-3encoding sequences to the rabies glycoprotein PVIII sequences, andexpression in the recipient woman, promotes efficient induction of animmune response in the woman against the encoded DBL-3 polypeptidesequence, and protects the woman and her fetus from the harmful effectsof malaria.

The invention has been described in detail above with reference topreferred embodiments. However, it will be understood by the ordinaryartisan that various modifications and variations can be made in thepractice of the present invention without departing from the scope orspirit of the invention. All references cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

1. An isolated chimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein encoded by a recombinantpolynucleotide, wherein said recombinant polynucleotide comprises: a) apolynucleotide encoding the site III polypeptide of the glycoproteinfrom genotype GT1 lyssavirus, wherein said polynucleotide does notencode the entire lyssavirus glycoprotein of said virus, and b) apolynucleotide encoding the site II polypeptide sequence of theglycoprotein from genotype GT5 lyssavirus, wherein said polynucleotidefurther comprises a polynucleoticle encoding the transmembrane domainand the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein of said genotype GT1lyssavirus.
 2. An immunogenic composition comprising the chimericlyssavirus glycoprotein of claim 1 and at least one of an adjuvant,excipient, stabilizer, or antigen.
 3. The immunogenic composition ofclaim 2, wherein said composition induces humoral and cellular immunity.4. The immunogenic composition of claim 2, wherein said immunogeniccomposition induces a protective immune response.
 5. The isolatedchimeric lyssavirus glycoprotein of claim 1, wherein said glycoproteinfurther comprises a heterologous peptide, polypeptide, or protein otherthan a lyssavirus glycoprotein or a peptide or polypeptide fragment of alyssavirus glycoprotein.
 6. The isolated chimeric lyssavirusglycoprotein of claim 5, wherein the heterologous peptide, polypeptide,or protein is a B cell epitope, a CD8 cell epitope, or both.